DOUGHNUTS: THE HOLE STORY

Some typical modern donuts.

I had heard that doughnuts were invented during the First World War as a convenient food for the troops in the trenches. The hole in the middle made it easy to quickly deliver the food to the troops by dropping them over the bayonet on the end of the rifle. However mystery and argument surrounds the origin of the humble doughnut. Archaeologists have recently discovered the petrified remains of cakes with a hole in the centre in early Native American sites in the south-west of the United States. It is not clear though how these cakes were prepared or cooked.

Most historians looking for the origins of the doughnut begin with the Dutch. The Dutch used up pieces of left-over dough by dropping them into hot oil and making little fried cakes known as olykoeks, or oily cakes. To make them more appealing they would shape these pieces of dough into little knots (dough knots) and roll them in sugar. Sometimes they were filled with prunes or raisins. Dutch colonists took the recipe for these oily cakes to America with them.

Research in action. Testing donuts so I can write about them.

Of course some Americans have a different version. In a house in Rockport, Maine there is a plaque which credits Mason Crockett Gregory with inventing the hole in the doughnut in 1847. Mason was a sea captain who probably brought the recipe for donuts home from his travels around the globe. His mother would cook them for him using spices from his cargoes of cinnamon and nutmeg, and putting a nut in the middle (hence the name 'dough nuts'). Some version of the tale have Mason making the hole so that the doughnut could be slipped over a spike on his ship's steering wheel so that both hands were free in a storm. Other versions say he didn't like the nuts his mother put in the middle and so simply pushed them out with his finger. Yet another version claims he was just cheap and saved costs by making the cakes with no centre to save dough. Mason always took credit for inventing the hole in the donut. He eventually met his end by being burnt at the stake as a witch.

Donut King - a popular donut chain in Australia.

In 1872 John Blondell was issued with the first patent for a doughnut cutter. His machine was made of wood. An improved version, made from tin, and with a fluted edge was patented in 1889.

In France in 1917 during World War 1 American troops in the front lines were served twisted doughnuts cooked by two Salvation Army ensigns, Helen Purviance and Margaret Sheldon. The pastry was rolled using a wine bottle and then cut to shape using a knife. The Salvation Army girls soon became fondly associated with the doughnut and in 1938 Donut Day was launched in the US to remember the contribution of the girls bringing comfort to the troops, and as a fund raiser for the Salvation Army. It has been celebrated annually ever since. The Salvation Army continues to serve coffee and doughnuts to police, firemen, rescue workers and disaster victims when needed.

A modern doughnut 'assembly line' machine used by Krispy Kreme.

In 1920 the first doughnut machine was invented by a Russian refugee living in New York. Adolph Levitt's machine caused the doughnut to became more popular as it was more easily made and able to be mass produced. Machine made doughnuts were presented as "the hit food of the Century" at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1934. By this time Levitt was selling over 25 million dollars worth of machines each year to bakeries.

Krispy Kreme- one of the first donut chains.

Doughnut chains, such as Dunkin Donut and Krispy Kreme have made the American version of the doughnut popular around the world, although many countries have their own local versions. In Israel a popular Hanukkah food is the doughnut filled with red jelly and covered in icing. In South Africa there is a version called the vetkoek which is served with mince, honey or jam. In India a doughnut or vada is savoury and made from dal or lentils; while in Indonesia a doughnut is made from flour and mashed potatoes and coated in icing sugar. In Japan they are made with bean paste and in Malaysia with mashed sweet cassava. My favourite is the Spanish churros, a long skinny doughnut which is served hot and dipped in hot chocolate from Juanita's in Brunswick Street, Melbourne.

A dozen 'mini-donuts' from Donut King.

Where does the word 'doughnut' come from? I have mentioned possible origins as the 'dough knot' or 'dough-nut'. An 1803 English cookbook mentions doughnuts in an appendix on American cooking. An 1808 novel talks about a meal of "fire cakes and dough-nuts". In Washington Irving's 1809 History of New York he describes "balls of sweetened dough, fried in hog's fat, and called doughnuts, or olykoeks". The first use of the alternative spelling 'donut' was in 1900 by George Peck in Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa. The traditional spelling has been 'doughnut' and this seems to continue outside of America, but the alternative 'donut' seems equally acceptable in a language as accommodating as english. As can be seen from the photos above Krispy Kreme and Donut King have different spellings for the same item.
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Postscript: Recently in Cammeray, Sydney I was talking with a fellow who said he had just had the best doughnuts in the world at The Colonial Bakery Milson's Point, just beside the Harbour Bridge. I talked to him about the blog and the entry on doughnuts. The following week he suddenly turned up with half a dozen doughnuts for me to try and suggested that I should visit the shop. This I did that afternoon (in the interest of research). At The Colonial Bakery Milson's Point I found a quaint little store filled with all sorts of nice cakes and their famous, award-winning pies. If you are looking for somewhere interesting in Sydney this is the place. A ferry ride, a walk along the shore under the bridge and afternoon tea and a doughnut, and make sure you say hello to Nancy Mobbs who runs the bakery. Are they the best in the world?......well I'm continuing to research this question......they were excellent, but in fairness I do have to try all the rest before making a decision.

THE NEW VARANGIAN GUARD

Boys will be boys! As an historian and a history teacher I am interested in most things historical, especially the way people lived. It seems many other people share this interest. In Australia there are a plethora of re-enactment groups. I could find over fifty of these groups listed, covering many periods in history. These range from Ancient Greeks, Romans, Vikings, Knights, Condottieri, Pike and Musket, Napoleonic, American Civil War, Colonial, Victorian era, World War 1 and World War 11.

Historical re-enactors try to recreate as accurately as possible life as it was lived in the historical period they are interested in. Generally this involves adopting the dress of that period and performing demonstrations for special events, festivals, museums, educational purposes or for members of the group to gather and immerse themselves in the history they are living. Often the members of these groups will carry out extensive research into the period they are representing. For each event or public demonstration there have been days, months and years of trial, error and research to get a piece of clothing, a craft or a method of combat as close as it was to its historical counterpart.

My earliest contact with these groups was stories told to me by my good friend, historian Edgar Penzig. Edgar himself had been involved in Colonial Australian reenactment groups. When his daughter married a member of a group who reenacted the American Civil War they had decided to get married in Union uniforms. A complete colour party marched to the church, including drummer boys and flags. Of course Edgar hired a uniform for the event. He told me he was the only one there in a confederate army uniform..... but that was Edgar.

In February 1999 I marched, and I mean marched, from Parkes to Bathurst and a part of a reenactment of the Boomerang march. This was a reenactment of a World War 1 recruitment march. The reenactors followed the route of the original marchers. This began with a train trip from Parkes to Daroobalgie, then marching to Forbes, Yamma Station, Eugowra, Gooloogong, Canowindra, Cowra, Woodstock, Lyndhurst, Carcoar, Blayney, Newbridge and Bathurst.

This a a photograph of the original march.... though the reenactment group looked very similar.

The other group I became involved with were the New Varangian Guard. Guard members recreated the arts, crafts, clothing, weapons, food, art and combat of the Varangian Guard. The original Guard were Vikings and Rus who travelled to Byzantium during the 9th to 13th centuries and found employment there as mercenaries. Because of all the intrique in the court of Byzantium, and the bravery of the Varangian, they were soon enlist by the emperor as trusted bodyguards. They became known as the 'axe-wielding guard' because many were armed with axes as their weapon of choice. The Varangians fought in many battles for the Byzantine Emperor.

I attend a number of New Varangian functions. One of my favourite was the hunt weekend held by the Blue Mountains garrison. A number of 'hunt related activities' took place over the weekend. This included target shooting with bows, hunting a quarry (a well padded person) with blunted arrows, a feast and story telling. There was a young teenager there who just wanted to be in everything all the time. We ended up putting him in armour (including helmet and faceguard) and playing William Tell by trying to shoot an apple off his head. Ten people fired arrows at him....... despite the armour it must have been daunting having arrows firing at your head! We enjoyed it. I ended up winning the weekend...... not because I won any events but because I placed high in each event to give me the highest total, including the story telling. See bullshit baffles brains.

I also attended the New Varangian Guard tenth birthday celebrations in Melbourne. These were held at Monslavat, an artist colony, in a medieval hall. A friend and I walked in through a balcony at the top of the hall..... it was like being transported back in time. A medieval banquet was taking place. Everyone was in costume. There were jugglers, acrobats and story-tellers and a host of medieval food. We drank mulled wine, mead and alcoholic cider from our drinking horns, which because of the shape you couldn't put down. And that night we slept in Viking style tents.

I see on the internet that the New Varangian Guard are flourishing and have garrisons all around Australia.

Earlier days.....obviously! Stumbled across this photograph in the archives, which prompted this post.